破碎设备（四）：反击式破碎机——适用场景与选型参数

在破碎设备选型中，反击式破碎机是一个经常被讨论、也容易与锤式破碎机混淆的机型。它的核心优势非常明确：成品粒形好。反击式破碎机加工出的成品呈立方体，无张力和裂缝，针片状含量低，有利于混凝土粘合。对于产品粒形要求高的骨料生产或矿石中细碎作业，反击破是优先选项之一。但反击破并非“万能机”，它的适用边界在哪里？选型时需要抓住哪几个参数？本文从工作原理和实际应用出发，系统梳理反击式破碎机的选型逻辑与现场控制要点。

In the selection of crushing equipment, the impact crusher is a frequentlydiscussed model that is often confused with the hammer crusher. Its coreadvantage is very clear: excellent finished product particle shape. The outputof an impact crusher features cubical particles, free from tension and cracks,with low needle-like and flake-like content, which enhances concrete bonding.For aggregate production or fine crushing operations in ores where highparticle shape requirements are needed, the impact crusher is one of thepreferred options. However, the impact crusher is not a "universalmachine"—what are its applicable boundaries? Which parameters should beprioritized during selection?This article systematically analyzes theselection logic and on-site control points of impact crushers, based on theirworking principles and practical applications.

PART 01工作原理

Working Principle

反击式破碎机是一种利用冲击能来破碎物料的破碎机械，是在锤式破碎机基础上发展起来的。Counterattack crusher is a type of crushing machinery that uses impact energyto crush materials, developed on the basis of hammer crusher.其工作过程如下：电动机带动转子高速旋转，物料进入板锤作用区时，与转子上的板锤发生高速撞击而破碎；被击碎的物料随即被抛向安装在转子上方的反击装置（反击板/反击衬板），再次受到冲击破碎；然后从反击衬板上弹回到板锤作用区，重新受到板锤打击。这一过程在一、二、三反击腔内重复进行，物料由大到小反复破碎，直到达到所需粒度，从机器下部排出。

The working process is as follows: the motor drives the rotor to rotate athigh speed, and when the material enters the action area of the plate hammer,it collides with the plate hammer on the rotor at high speed and breaks; Theshattered material is immediately thrown towards the counterattack device(counterattack plate/counterattack lining plate) installed above the rotor,and is once again shattered by impact; Then bounce back from the counterattackliner to the hammer action zone and be hit again by the hammer. This processis repeated in the first, second, and third impact chambers, where thematerial is repeatedly crushed from large to small until it reaches thedesired particle size, and then discharged from the lower part of the machine.

这种“板锤打击+反击板冲击+物料间相互碰撞”的复合破碎方式，决定了反击破的两个基本特征：一是破碎比大，二是产品粒形好。有资料指出，反击式破碎机的破碎比可达到50以上，成品料颗粒粒形好。

This composite+crushing+method of ate hammer impact+counterattack plateimpact+material collision" determines two basic characteristics ofcounterattack crushing: first, a large crushing ratio, and second, goodproduct particle shape. According to some data, the crushing ratio of theimpact crusher can reach over 50, and the particle shape of the finishedmaterial is good.PART 02适用场景与边界

Applicable scenarios and boundaries（

一）适合的物料与场景反击式破碎机能处理边长不超过500mm、抗压强度不超过350MPa的各种粗、中、细物料，典型物料包括石灰石、花岗岩、玄武岩、白云岩、页岩、砂岩、混凝土等。也有资料将适用抗压强度上限表述为320MPa或300MPa，各厂家和机型之间存在一定差异，选型时应以具体设备的技术参数表为准。在工艺流程中，反击式破碎机多作为二级破碎设备使用，承接粗碎（通常为颚破）之后的破碎任务。它广泛应用于矿石破碎、铁路、高速公路、建筑行业人工砂石料生产等领域。由于其产品粒形规整、针片状含量低，在对骨料粒形有较高要求的高等级混凝土骨料生产中优势明显。

（一） Suitable materials and scenariosThe impact crusher can process various coarse, medium, and fine materials witha maximum side length of no more than 500mm and a compressive strength of nomore than 350MPa. Typical materials include limestone, granite, basalt,dolomite, shale, sandstone, concrete, etc. Some sources also state the upperlimit of applicable compressive strength as 320MPa or 300MPa, with certainvariations among manufacturers and models. For selection purposes, thetechnical parameter specifications of the specific equipment should bereferenced.In the production process, impact crushers are commonly used as secondarycrushing equipment, handling the crushing tasks following primary crushing(typically by jaw crushers). They are widely applied in fields such as orecrushing, railways, highways, and the production of artificial sand and gravelin the construction industry. Due to their regular product particle shapes andlow needle-like and flake-like content, impact crushers offer significantadvantages in the production of high-grade concrete aggregates where particleshape requirements are stringent.

（二）需要留意的边界条件反击式破碎机对物料的含水率有一定容忍度，反击板与板锤间隙的调节设计使其能有效处理含湿量较大的物料，防止堵塞。对于抗压强度远超350MPa的坚硬矿石，圆锥破碎机仍是更稳妥的选择。反击破的定位是中硬及以下物料的中细碎和整形，不宜将其用于代替圆锥破处理高硬矿石。

（二） Boundary conditions to be notedThe impact crusher has a certain tolerance for the moisture content ofmaterials, and the adjustment design of the gap between the impact plate andthe plate hammer enables it to effectively handle materials with high moisturecontent and prevent blockage. For hard ores with compressive strength farexceeding 350MPa, cone crushers are still a more reliable choice. Thepositioning of counterattack breaking is the fine crushing and shaping ofmedium hard and below materials, and it is not suitable to use it as asubstitute for cone breaking to process high hard ores.PART 03选型核心参数

Selection of core parameters

反击式破碎机的选型，需要抓住以下几个核心参数。

The selection of counterattack crusher needs to focus on the following coreparameters.

（一）进料粒度与进料口尺寸

反击式破碎机的允许进料粒度与进料口尺寸直接相关。选型时，进料粒度应留有余量，避免按“最大通过尺寸”满负荷设计。爆破后的矿石形状不规则，棱角卡阻在实际运行中并不少见。

（一）Feed particle size and feed inlet sizeThe allowable feed particle size of the impact crusher is directly related tothe feed inlet size. When selecting, there should be a margin for the feedparticle size to avoid designing at full load according to the "maximumpassing size". The shape of the ore after blasting is irregular, and angularjamming is not uncommon in actual operation.

（二）转子规格与电机功率

转子是反击式破碎机的核心工作部件，转子的直径和长度在很大程度上决定了设备的通过能力和破碎效果。电机功率需要与转子规格、处理量、物料硬度相匹配。中誉鼎力DLHCS1315的转子规格为1380×1500mm，配套电机250-315kW，处理能力250～320t/h；DLHCS1520转子规格1500×2000mm，配套500kW电机，处理能力400～500t/h。选型时应以设备技术参数表给出的功率范围为基础，结合矿石实际硬度进行核算，不宜简单按“吨位×系数”估算。

（二）The rotor is the core working component of the impact crusher, and itsdiameter and length largely determine the equipment's throughput capacity andcrushing effect. The motor power needs to match the rotor specifications,processing capacity, and material hardness. The rotor specification of ZhongyuDingli DLHCS1315 is 1380 × 1500mm, with a matching motor of 250-315kW and aprocessing capacity of 250-320t/h; DLHCS1520 rotor specification 1500 ×2000mm, matched with 500kW motor, processing capacity of 400-500t/h. Whenselecting, the power range given in the equipment technical parameter tableshould be used as the basis, combined with the actual hardness of the ore forcalculation, and it is not advisable to simply estimate based on "tonnage xcoefficient".

（三）排料口调节范围——控制粒度的核心手段

反击式破碎机调整出料粒度的核心方式，是调节反击架（反击板）与转子之间的间隙。间隙调小，物料在腔内受到更强烈的冲击和更长的滞留时间，出料变细；间隙调大，出料变粗。

（三）The core method of adjusting the particle size of the counterattack crusheris to adjust the gap between the counterattack frame (counterattack plate) andthe rotor. Reducing the gap results in stronger impact and longer retentiontime of the material inside the cavity, leading to finer discharge; Increasethe gap and make the discharge thicker.

这一机制在实际运行中有一个需要特别注意的规律：板锤会随着使用逐渐磨损变薄，间隙随之被动增大，出料粒度会逐渐变粗。有经验总结指出，新板锤时能出20mm的料，使用两个月后可能变成30mm，此时需要将反击板或研磨板向板锤方向适当调整，以恢复目标粒度。选型时确认设备的间隙调节范围和调节方式（如液压调节）是否便捷，直接关系到日常生产的粒度控制能力。

This mechanism has a special rule that needs to be paid attention to inpractical operation: the plate hammer will gradually wear and become thinnerwith use, the gap will passively increase, and the discharge particle sizewill gradually become coarser. According to experience, a new board hammer canproduce 20mm of material, but after two months of use, it may become 30mm. Atthis time, it is necessary to adjust the impact or grinding boardappropriately towards the direction of the board hammer to restore the targetparticle size. When selecting equipment, it is directly related to thegranularity control capability of daily production to confirm whether theclearance adjustment range and adjustment method (such as hydraulicadjustment) of the equipment are convenient.

（四）破碎比与流程定位

反击式破碎机的破碎比大，部分场景下可简化破碎流程。 有资料提到其可“变多段破碎为单段破碎”。但需要理性看待这一优势：在金属矿选矿中，反击破通常仍作为二段中细碎设备使用，一段粗碎仍以颚破或旋回破承担。

反击破的“简化流程”更多体现在中细碎环节减少段数或减少返回负荷，而非完全替代粗碎。The impact crusher has a high crushing ratio and can simplify the crushingprocess in some scenarios. There is information that suggests it can"transform multi segment fragmentation into single segment fragmentation". Butit is necessary to view this advantage rationally: in metal ore beneficiation,counterattack crushing is usually still used as a secondary fine crushingequipment, while primary coarse crushing is still carried out by jaw crushingor rotary crushing. The "simplified process" of counterattack breaking is morereflected in reducing the number of segments or reducing the return load inthe middle and fine crushing stages, rather than completely replacing coarsecrushing.PART 04现场运行控制要点

Key control points for on-site operation

（一）板锤磨损管理是核心

板锤是反击式破碎机最关键的易损件。板锤磨损不均或松动会导致破碎力度失衡，出料粒度不均匀。现场应定期检查板锤磨损状态，磨损严重时成对或整体更换，以保证转子受力平衡。更换或装配板锤后，如果转子平衡未做好，运转中会产生振动，加速轴承磨损。新换板锤的重量应保持一致，这是维持转子动平衡的基本要求。

（一）Hammer wear management is the coreThe plate hammer is the most critical vulnerable component of the impactcrusher. Uneven wear or looseness of the plate hammer can lead to an imbalancein crushing force and uneven discharge particle size. The wear status of theplate hammer should be regularly checked on site. If the wear is severe, itshould be replaced in pairs or as a whole to ensure the balance of the rotorforce. After replacing or assembling the plate hammer, if the rotor balance isnot done properly, vibration will occur during operation, accelerating bearingwear. The weight of the newly replaced plate hammer should be consistent,which is a basic requirement for maintaining rotor dynamic balance.

（二）间隙检查与粒度反馈

不能等到产品粒度明显超标才去调间隙。日常应结合下游筛分设备的筛上返回量、成品中针片状比例等信号，判断间隙是否需要调整。衬板和板锤磨损导致的间隙过大，是出料粒度过大的常见原因，处理方法是调节前后反击架间隙或更换磨损件。对于配置液压调节系统的机型，间隙调整的便捷性会显著降低停机时间。

（二）Gap inspection and granularity feedbackWe cannot wait until the product particle size significantly exceeds thestandard before adjusting the gap. In daily life, it is necessary to determinewhether the gap needs to be adjusted based on signals such as the return rateof downstream screening equipment and the proportion of needle like particlesin the finished product. The excessive gap caused by the wear of the liningplate and plate hammer is a common reason for the large discharge particles.The solution is to adjust the gap between the front and rear impact frames orreplace the worn parts. For models equipped with hydraulic adjustment systems,the convenience of gap adjustment will significantly reduce downtime.

（三）润滑与异常声音监控

轴承润滑脂不足或过多都可能引发故障，需按设备要求定期检查润滑状态。机器内部出现敲击声，通常提示板锤松动、异物进入或紧固件松动，应立即停机检查，避免故障扩大。衬板螺栓的紧固状态也应纳入日常巡检范围。

（三）Lubrication and abnormal sound monitoringInsufficient or excessive lubricating grease in bearings can causemalfunctions, and it is necessary to regularly check the lubrication statusaccording to equipment requirements. If there is a knocking sound inside themachine, it usually indicates that the hammer is loose, foreign objects haveentered, or fasteners are loose. The machine should be stopped immediately forinspection to prevent the fault from expanding. The tightening status of thelining plate bolts should also be included in the scope of daily inspections.结语

Conclusion反击式破碎机的选型逻辑可以归纳为一句话：以粒形定机型，以硬度定边界，以间隙定粒度。它在中硬物料的中细碎和骨料整形环节优势突出，但不适合越界承担高硬矿石的细碎任务。选型时抓住进料粒度、转子与功率、间隙调节范围三个核心参数，现场管好板锤磨损和间隙反馈，反击破的粒形优势才能真正转化为产品竞争力。

The selection logic of counterattack crushers can be summarized in onesentence: the type is determined by particle shape, the boundary is determinedby hardness, and the particle size is determined by gap. It has outstandingadvantages in the fine crushing and aggregate shaping of medium hardmaterials, but is not suitable for undertaking the fine crushing task of highhard ores beyond the boundary. When selecting, focus on the three coreparameters of feed particle size, rotor and power, and manage the wear and gapfeedback of the plate hammer on site. Only then can the particle shapeadvantage of counterattack be truly transformed into product competitiveness.